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For the large majority of Christians, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is the third person (hypostasis) of the Trinity: the Triune God manifested as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit; each person itself being God.〔Grudem, Wayne A. 1994. ''Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine.'' Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press; Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Page 226.〕 The New Testament includes over 90 references to the Holy Spirit.〔 All three Synoptic Gospels proclaim blasphemy against the Holy Spirit as the unforgivable sin.〔 The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Pauline epistles.〔Grabe, Petrus J. ''The Power of God in Paul's Letters'' 2008 ISBN 978-3-16-149719-3, pp. 248–249〕 In the Johannine writings, three separate terms, "Holy Spirit", "Spirit of Truth", and "Paraclete" are used.〔''Spirit of Truth: The origins of Johannine pneumatology'' by John Breck 1990 ISBN 0-88141-081-0, pages 1–5〕 The New Testament details a close relationship between the Holy Spirit and Jesus during his earthly life and ministry.〔 The Gospels of Matthew and Luke and the Nicene Creed state that Jesus was "conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary".〔 The Holy Spirit descended on Jesus as a dove during his baptism, and in his Farewell Discourse after the Last Supper Jesus promised to send the Holy Spirit to his disciples after his departure.〔〔 The theology of the Holy Spirit is called pneumatology. The Holy Spirit is referred to as "the Lord, the Giver of Life" in the Nicene Creed, which summarises several key beliefs held by many Christian denominations. The participation of the Holy Spirit in the tripartite nature of conversion is apparent in Jesus' final post-Resurrection instruction to his disciples at the end of the Gospel of Matthew (28:19): "make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".〔''Lord, giver of life'' by Jane Barter Moulaison 2006 ISBN 0-88920-501-9 page 5〕 Since the first century, Christians have also called upon God with the name "Father, Son and Holy Spirit" in prayer, absolution and benediction.〔Vickers, Jason E. ''Invocation and Assent: The Making and the Remaking of Trinitarian Theology.'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008. ISBN 0-8028-6269-1, pages 2–5〕〔''The Cambridge Companion to the Trinity'' by Peter C. Phan 2011 ISBN 0521701139, pages 3–4〕 ==Etymology and usage== The Koine Greek word ''pneûma'' () is found around 385 times in the New Testament, with some scholars differing by three to nine occurrences.〔''Companion Bible–KJV–Large Print'' by E. W. Bullinger, Kregel Publications, 1999. ISBN 0-8254-2099-7. Page 146.〕 ''Pneuma'' appears 105 times in the four canonical gospels, 69 times in the Acts of the Apostles, 161 times in the Pauline epistles, and 50 times elsewhere.〔 These usages vary: in 133 cases, it refers to "spirit" in a general sense and in 153 cases to "spiritual". Around 93 times, the reference to the Holy Spirit,〔 sometimes under the name ''pneuma'' and sometimes explicitly as the ''pneûma tò Hagion'' (). (In a few cases it is also simply used generically to mean ''wind'' or ''life''.〔) It was generally translated into the Vulgate as ''Spiritus'' and '. The English terms "Holy Ghost" and "Holy Spirit" are complete synonyms: one derives from the Old English ''gast'' and the other from the Latin loanword '. Like ''pneuma'', they both refer to the breath, to its animating power, and to the soul. The Old English term is shared by all other Germanic languages (compare, e.g., the German ''Geist'') and is older, but the King James Bible used both interchangeably, and 20th-century translations of the Bible overwhelmingly prefer "Holy Spirit", probably because the general English term "ghost" has increasingly come to refer only to the spirit of a dead person.〔Robin W. Lovin, Foreword to the English translation of Karl Barth's ''The Holy Spirit and the Christian Life'' (1993 ISBN 0-664-25325-3), page xvii〕〔(Millard J. Erickson, L. Arnold Hustad, ''Introducing Christian Doctrine'' (Baker Academic 2001 ISBN 9780801022500), p. 271 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Holy Spirit (Christianity)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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